The recent advancements in autonomous aerial systems are significantly enhancing their capabilities in challenging environments, particularly in GNSS-denied marine settings and dynamic, unstructured environments like space stations. Innovations in localization techniques, such as anchor-based methods using UWB and QR codes, are enabling more stable and reliable navigation in unstable platforms. Semantic-aware path planning and real-time semantic segmentation are also emerging as key technologies, improving the efficiency and reliability of UAV operations in complex terrains. Additionally, the integration of event cameras and optical flow for obstacle avoidance is pushing the boundaries of autonomous flight agility and robustness. These developments collectively underscore a shift towards more integrated, sensor-rich, and context-aware systems that can operate effectively in diverse and unpredictable conditions.