The recent advancements in non-terrestrial networks (NTNs) have significantly shifted the focus towards leveraging Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite constellations and aerial platforms to enhance global connectivity. A notable trend is the exploration of lightweight and scalable routing protocols in LEO constellations, addressing the challenges posed by high dynamics and resource limitations. These protocols aim to improve network performance through efficient multipath routing and localized traffic control, ensuring better load balancing and response times. Additionally, the integration of NTNs with terrestrial networks is being optimized through innovative Time Division Duplexing (TDD) slot allocation mechanisms, which aim to reduce synchronization issues and increase network capacity. The field is also witnessing a deeper analysis of satellite network architectures, such as the Walker constellation, using stochastic geometry and dynamical systems to understand and predict network performance based on various constellation parameters. This approach allows for more precise modeling and optimization of satellite networks, contributing to the overall advancement of NTN technologies. Notably, the use of aerial platforms as alternatives to dense satellite networks is emerging as a promising solution for enhancing downlink communications, offering comparable or superior coverage with fewer satellites.